From the moment when the child goes to the first grade, his parents have more worries and troubles. But, besides this, they are getting to know their little one more and more, now from the side of his ability to perceive and analyze the new information received. This is where sometimes moms and dads have an unpleasant discovery: it turns out that their baby confuses letters, adds unnecessary elements and has ugly handwriting. These are the first signs of dysgraphia. What it represents and what are the exercises for correction in younger students, we will consider below.

What is dysgraphia and what are its causes

With age, getting rid of dysgraphia becomes more difficult.

Dysgraphia is a feature of the child's brain that determines the writing disorder during the normal development of intelligence. Unfortunately, until now, scientists have not reliably established the causes of this disease. Most of them are inclined to believe that this is the result of hereditary diseases that determine the underdevelopment of certain groups of brain cells in the baby. In addition, possible prerequisites for dysgraphia can be:

somatic diseases of the mother;
Rhesus conflict;
hormonal failure in the mother's body in the first and third trimesters;
nuclear jaundice;
impaired mental function;
prematurity;
insufficient communication with the child;
multilingualism in the family (especially if mom and dad speak different languages);
pathology during pregnancy;
neglected problems with the speech of the child, for example, with alalia, when the baby hears but does not speak, or dysarthria - a pronunciation disorder.

signs

Fortunately, it is not difficult to determine dysgraphia, and, therefore, to choose a correction program. As a rule, babies with such a diagnosis:

do not add elements of letters;
write in mirror image;
replace letters that sound similar;
write with a lot of errors;
ignore capital letters;
have sloppy handwriting;
speak incomprehensibly;
dislike writing lessons.

Kinds

Depending on the signs of the disease, the following types of dysgraphia are distinguished:

articulatory-acoustic (the baby does not write letters, but sounds that he pronounces completely incorrectly, therefore, for correction, you should first get rid of the speech defect);
acoustic (the child replaces sounds similar in pronunciation and, accordingly, in writing changes deaf to voiced, hissing to whistling);
associated with a violation of the analytical function (the baby skips or swaps syllables, assigns additional letters to words);
agrammatical (difficulties with changing words by gender and case, for example, “table lamp”).

Diagnosis in younger students

To diagnose dysgraphia, a child is offered a number of tests.

Quite often, parents of first-graders hear a reproach from a teacher or speech therapist that they did not start paying attention to writing defects in their child in a timely manner. Meanwhile, dysgraphia can be diagnosed only after the baby has mastered writing skills. And this usually happens in grades 1-2. In any case, such a diagnosis can only be made when a neurologist, an ophthalmologist and an otolaryngologist have ruled out pathologies each in their own field. Diagnosis of dysgraphia and determination of its type can only be done by a qualified speech therapist who:

invites the child to write off the text (then the specialist analyzes the errors and evaluates a number of external factors);
evaluates the ability of a dysgraphic person to perceive oral speech using dictation;
evaluates vocabulary;
analyzes how attentive the child is.

An example of a dysgraphia correction manual

To help the child cope with the problem of dysgraphia, as well as to prevent difficulties in communicating with peers (since dysgraphics very often become objects of ridicule of classmates), attention should be paid to corrective exercises:

Magnetic alphabet. The kid adds syllables, words, pronounces them and remembers graphic images.
Dictations that allow you to work out speech perception.
Dividing texts into semantic blocks. This exercise is especially relevant if you need to write a lot in a notebook.
Handwriting work. To develop a clear handwriting in a baby, it is necessary to write in a notebook in a box. Invite the child to write out the letters of the words so that they fit into the cells in size. Just do not take large texts, otherwise the baby will get bored, and your patience will be seriously tested.
Correct handles. Dysgraphics are encouraged to write with ribbed pens - thus, the fingertips receive a massage, and this, in turn, improves brain function. It is also better to use gel pens so that the child feels pressure while writing.
Writer game. Invite the child to write something with a pen and ink - this way you will form the correct position of the pen to paper.
"Correction Editing". We take a thick book with large print, preferably boring content, so that the baby is not distracted by anything. And we formulate the task: “In the selected paragraph, underline the letter, for example, O, circle the letter P, cross out the letter K,” etc. You need to start by working on one letter, with which the most problems. Gradually add letter by letter. But just do not get carried away too much: in one exercise there should not be more than 3-4 letters.
"Comment Letter". We pronounce the sounds of the written letters. It is important that the baby pronounces phonemes, not sounds, since in Russian one letter in a different position in a word can have different sounds. For example, mo-lo-ko, although we pronounce "malako".
"Missing Letters" Give the child a text with missing letters. Together with the task, offer the same passage, but with all the letters. The task of the little one is to rewrite the necessary letters into gaps. With this exercise, you will also train attention.
Maze games. This fun not only teaches the baby to focus on the task, but also develops large motor skills (arm and forearm movements). It is necessary to prepare sheets with drawn labyrinths or intricate schemes and invite the child to get out of them by drawing an unbroken line. Make sure that the dysgraph changes the position of the hand, and not the sheet with the task.
Learn vocabulary words. Try to repeat and learn 3-4 new vocabulary words daily.
Learn poems by heart. So the child trains his memory and develops speech, and this, in turn, has a positive effect on writing.

When working with a dysgraph, it is important not to force him to correct mistakes, but to teach him not to make these mistakes. Therefore, always leave the check of exercises behind you.

Deviation Correction Video

Prevention

Primary school students often suffer from a speech therapy disease - dysgraphia. It is characterized by some types of writing disorders: children write as they say, skip letters, change endings. In fact, this is a very serious problem. If you do not pay attention to its solution, the child may develop an inferiority complex. Peers at school will make fun of him, which will lead to a loss of self-confidence. Therefore, dysgraphia in younger students (correction, exercises and prevention will be presented below) should become an important topic for discussion among parents.

Reasons for the appearance

Scientists have not yet identified the exact causes of this disease. This issue has not yet been fully studied, but most experts agree that the basis for the development of the disease is heredity. Causes of dysgraphia in younger students:

Heredity. As already noted, this is the main reason for the appearance of the disease. Children accept immaturity of the brain in certain areas from their parents. Because of this, there is a delay in the development of some functions.
functional sources. This refers to various bodily diseases. For this reason, there is a violation of psychoverbal development, and the child loses the ability to read and write. should be aimed primarily at eliminating the causes of the disease.
Underdevelopment of the brain. Any injury or damage can cause dysgraphia. Moreover, brain damage could occur as a result of pathologies during pregnancy, asphyxia, or exposure to infection.
Socio-psychological influence. Of course, this factor should not be forgotten. This disease in children can develop due to the incorrect speech of the people around them, a lack of communication, as well as inattention to the writing and reading of the child by the parents.

in younger students

Isolation of the forms of the disease will help parents to correctly apply the exercises recommended by speech therapists. You need to know that there are three main types of this disease:

Acoustic. This form of dysgraphia appears as a result of impaired development of speech hearing. That is, the child is not able to perceive sounds correctly. Because of this, writing suffers, children unconsciously change letters in words, because they hear it that way. Similar sounds are mixed and often confused, for example b-p, z-zh, s-sh other. Acoustic dysgraphia affects the softness of consonants in writing ( loves - loves). Also, the child often skips letters. Correction of acoustic dysgraphia in younger students is carried out with the help of exercises aimed at improving the auditory space.
Motor. This problem manifests itself in the form of incorrect hand movements during writing. In this case, the child can perform other actions. Violation of the combination of visual and sound images is usually the cause of the motor form of the disease. Correction of dysgraphia in younger students of this type is aimed at completely getting rid of this disease. As a result, the child will be able to write and match images correctly.
Optic. Dysgraphia of this type is manifested in violation of visual functions. Children cannot correctly display letters, which is expressed in mirror writing, replacement or mixing of various elements. In most cases, there is a permutation of similar letters ( t-p). A manifestation of this disease is mirror writing from left to right in left-handers with certain brain disorders. Optical dysgraphia in younger schoolchildren (correction, exercises are covered in the article) is an important problem in the modern world. Visual impairment is not uncommon. Therefore, special attention must be paid to this issue. in younger schoolchildren, they allow concretizing treatment in a certain situation.

How can dysgraphia be detected?

If parents suspect the possibility of developing this disease, it is necessary to undergo an examination by a neurologist or ophthalmologist. The level of speech growth is checked by a speech therapist. The main thing is to correctly determine whether the child has dysgraphia or is it just a banal ignorance of spelling norms.

The presence of dysgraphia includes:

Verification of oral speech. Particular attention should be paid to this aspect, especially the pronunciation of sounds, vocabulary, and the correct construction of sentences.
Evaluation of written language. After the first step, you need to check the letter. To do this, the child is asked to perform certain tasks. Most often, this is rewriting the text, conducting a dictation and reading by letter and syllable. Based on the results of these exercises, the degree of development of written speech is determined.
The study of hearing and vision of the child. As well as monitoring the state of manual and speech motor skills.

Prevention of dysgraphia in younger students is very important. Tasks for identifying this disease may be different. The most commonly used method is to determine phonemic abilities. Such exercises allow the child to demonstrate their skills:

distinguish a specific sound in words;
select pictures, the name of which begins with the same sound;
repeat several syllables in a row after the teacher;
hear mispronunciations and point out mistakes.

If the child is very young and does not go to school yet, he may also develop dysgraphia. You can check this in the drawings of the baby. Children who love to draw and do it often are practically not affected by this disease. If the child does not like to do this, and all his pictures consist of broken or trembling lines, there is a high probability of developing dysgraphia.

Ways to correct the disease

Dysgraphia in younger students (correction, exercises and treatment will help to cope with the problem) is urgent. As soon as the problem is identified, it is immediately necessary to start classes. In the case of the development of a disease with a child, a speech therapist and a psychologist should be engaged.

The program for the correction of dysgraphia in younger students is determined depending on the form of the disease. Parents should take this problem seriously and follow the recommendations of specialists. An excellent option would be to transfer the child to a speech therapy school, but not in every city it exists. Most often, parents need to take care of their children themselves.

Correction of dysgraphia in younger students is carried out in the following ways:

conducting classes to improve memory;
increase in vocabulary;
spelling memorization;
written assignments of a different nature;
rehabilitation in the form of massage, taking sedatives if necessary.

Stages of therapy

The elimination of dysgraphia in younger students is carried out in four steps:

Diagnostics. Here you should often conduct various dictations to check the existing level of grammar. The results obtained should be analyzed and the first conclusions drawn.
Training. Here they pay attention to the development of memory, thinking, as well as fine motor skills. It is very important to reveal an understanding of spatial relationships.
Correction. From this stage, the treatment of existing deviations begins directly. All work is aimed at three aspects: grammatical, lexical and phonetic. The goal is to correct violations, normalize the process of writing and reading.
Grade. The final step, at which all the results are checked, the last recommendations are given to parents.

Effective methods for correcting dysgraphia

The most effective ways to correct the disease will be discussed in more detail here:

word model. This exercise looks like this: the child is given a picture on which an object and a word scheme are drawn. The task of the student is to name the object, and then pronounce all the sounds of the word in order. Then match each sound with a letter and write the whole word.
Ebbigaus method. The student receives a sheet with words in which letters are missing. He needs to insert the missing letters and rewrite the whole word completely.
and letters. The child is given a picture with the image of a certain object. He needs to name this thing and write the word. Then put the stress, divide into syllables and pronounce them aloud. Each sound must be separated and emphasized with the appropriate color. Then you need to compare their number with the number of letters.
Correction of errors. Here everyone gets a few words with intentionally made mistakes. The task of the student is to correct this and rewrite the words in the correct version.

The most common speech therapy disease is dysgraphia in younger students. Correction, exercises that contribute to its treatment are offered to your attention below.

Task "Write aloud"

This is probably one of the most effective exercises. It cannot be replaced by anything, the essence lies in speaking aloud what is written with the obligatory allocation of weak parts. This must be done slowly, clearly pronouncing each letter. For instance: cow gives milk.

The exercise is aimed at increasing the level of literacy. Weak beats are sounds that are not given attention in fluent speech, and they are pronounced incorrectly. An important point is the pronunciation of the word to the end, the selection of endings. Children with dysgraphia can very rarely write a full word. Often at the end they put sticks that can be mistaken for letters. However, the number of these lines does not correspond to the number of letters that should be in this word.

With the help of this task, the correction of acoustic dysgraphia in younger students is carried out. Exercises aimed at treating the disease are quite diverse. But fundamental is "Write aloud." It is necessary to teach the child to pronounce each written word, and then the result will not be long in coming.

Exercise "Corrector"

To complete this task, you will need a boring text or a complex book. The point is that the child is not interested in reading. The only requirement is large letters to distinguish what is written. First you need to choose an easy letter (usually a vowel) that the child knows and does not make mistakes in writing it, for example, “a”. The task of the student will be to find mentions of this letter and cross it out.

Then you should move on to a more difficult stage. You can increase the number of letters, it is advisable to choose similar in spelling, for example, “l” and “m”. Understanding what exactly causes difficulties in a child is very simple. It is necessary to conduct a dictation, in the process of writing which the student will make certain mistakes. Based on these errors, weaknesses in grammar can be identified.

Correction of optical dysgraphia in younger students is carried out with the help of this exercise. It is very effective, because you need to strain not only the brain, but also the eyes. It must be emphasized that the text should not arouse interest in the child. He does not need to read, but to find the shape of the letter.

Exercise "Find and explain"

To complete this task, you will need several dictations written by a child. He must explain every comma placed in a particular sentence. If he does not have enough knowledge, you need to tell the student the rules along the way. It is even better if the teacher pushes the student to the correct answer so that he guesses and can formulate his decision.

When doing the exercise, it is important to remember that you can not overload the child. From each dictation, it is recommended to parse five or six sentences. The correct answer must be repeated several times. For example, a comma between the noun "sun" and the pronoun "we" separates parts of a complex sentence. It should be noted that after each dictation, it is necessary to work on the mistakes.

As part of this task, the correction of acoustic dysgraphia in younger students is carried out. The "Find and Explain" and "Write Aloud" exercises are the most effective for solving this problem.

Tasks "Labyrinth" and "Find the missing letter"

These two exercises are quite popular, and most parents use them in developing their child's abilities. They are also useful for correcting dysgraphia.

"Labyrinth" perfectly develops large motor skills of children. Currently, there are a huge number of different collections where you can find great puzzles. Labyrinths, if desired, can be drawn by the parents themselves. The main task of the child is to trace with a finger or pen from the beginning of intricate moves to the end. The organization of prevention and correction of dysgraphia in younger students can be based on this exercise. It is the simplest and most versatile.

The exercise "Find the missing letter" is aimed at To complete it, you need the source text, where everything is in its place. Then, in the same material, you need to remove the letters, leaving gaps in their place. The task of the student is to fill in the missing elements. You should not remove the source text, as the child needs to be based on something.

When searching for material, one must take into account the fact that it should interest the student. In this case, the task will turn into a game. Recently, dysgraphia has been developing more and more often in younger students. Correction, exercises and prevention of this disease are simply necessary to protect the child from unpleasant consequences.

Handwriting correction

The fact is that for a child with dysgraphia, handwriting causes a certain difficulty. Usually such children write either very small or extremely large. Sweeping in handwriting is not a negative phenomenon; you should not scold a child for this.

In order to teach a student to write correctly, it will take about three weeks. First you need to purchase a notebook in a cage and ask to reproduce the text on paper. The letter should not go beyond the cell - the main rule. You need to follow this and support the child in every possible way.

You can not overload children, a few correctly written lines a day is an excellent result. Even if the parents are tired of working with the child, it is strictly forbidden to show it, and even more so to raise the tone. As writing utensils, it is recommended to use pens with a ribbed surface, as well as pencils in the form of a triangle.

At home, you can play with your child by giving a pen and ink to your hands. Then he will try to write correctly so as not to spoil the game.

Many experts in this field highlight the following provisions:

Methods for correcting dysgraphia are quite diverse, but equally effective. Parents should take care of their children, because the future of the child depends on it.
Completing tasks requires perseverance and patience. In addition, the exercises should be carried out regularly, at least an hour a day.
If a specialist has given a large amount of information for processing, then the text must be divided into several parts. This will make it easier for both the child and the adult. Overwork should not be allowed, as this will lead to whims and a decrease in efficiency.
The most common mistake is rewriting homework multiple times. Parents should not force their children to do this, because it will not lead to anything good. On the contrary, the child will make a large number of mistakes, which will lead to unwillingness to study.
Support is very important, even in the smallest situation. Did the child complete the task? You need to praise him, but in moderation. In this matter, delicacy will be required, one cannot overdo it here. Never humiliate a child for failure. Moreover, it is forbidden to invent offensive nicknames. This negatively affects the child's psyche.

Prevention

Prevention of dysgraphia in younger students can be expressed in impaired auditory recognition of speech sounds. From the age of 3, it is necessary to constantly check this moment. If a child of this age has problems, they can be easily solved with regular exercise.

Recently, teaching children a foreign language (most often English) from 3-4 years old has become very popular. Children at this age perfectly memorize new information and perceive it easily. However, with the wrong approach to learning, a child may develop dysgraphia or dyslexia.

You should also pay attention to the correct pronunciation of words by adults. If parents repeat after their children, this can lead to certain problems. If a child speaks incorrectly, he must be taught immediately how to do it. Then he will remember better, and speech will develop faster.

Nowadays, more and more teachers are faced with students who have reading and writing disorders. Parents ask: “What to do? I don’t know how to help?”, and the teachers shrug their shoulders: “Learn the rules, read aloud more often!” and sent to a speech therapist or defectologist. Well, if he is at school, but what if he is not? Such problems are most often left to chance: errors in reading and writing develop into omissions of signs and indices when solving problems in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. The student receives poor grades, and a persistent unwillingness to learn is formed.

It is even harder for an adult student who knows about his problems, but does not know what can be done about it, how to fix it. Most problems arise with technical terminology and abbreviations.

The article will present three exercise games that can be used to correct reading and writing disorders.

Terms

Dyslexia- a specific violation of the reading process. It can manifest itself in the indistinguishability of the meaning of the read text, in the difficulty of assimilating and remembering letters and sounds, replacing letters when reading, changing case endings, etc.

Dysgraphia- a specific violation of the writing process. It can manifest itself in the replacement of sounds similar in sound, the distortion of words and sentences, the use of the reverse order of words in a sentence, the distortion of letters when writing, etc.

Dyslexia and dysgraphia is a large syndrome that includes violations of the prerequisites of intelligence, cognitive immaturity, language deficiency, frustration disorders, appropriate behavioral responses, and finally, direct violations of written language. (Kornev A.N.)

Since the types of disorders in dyslexia and dysgraphia are similar, they can be corrected together.

According to scientists, without the cooperation of the teacher and parents, success in correction is unattainable. Based on her work experience, the author believes that parents should be informed about all research results and discussed with them. Parents should know the goals of correction, immediate and long-term, the expected result and the estimated timing of correctional work. This is necessary not only for ethical reasons, but also contributes to the involvement of parents in the work and the formation of a sober view of things in them. The main task of parents is to consolidate the skills learned by the child.

Exercises

Game-Exercise No. 1. Work on memorizing words and terms (their graphical version)

Make dictionary words (or terms, for adults) from syllables, circle them with different colors.

Speech material for first graders: alphabet, crow, law, entered, call, textbook, teacher, glue, carpet.

Speech material for cadets and listeners in terms of terminology (example): analysis, synthesis, verification, safety, accident, gaff, autopump, liquidation, arson.

If possible, use word breaks or insert images and other visual cues to improve comprehension.

Game-Exercise No. 2. Working on word order to help the child/adult understand the text.

Option for children.

Add one word at a time to make sentences based on the picture. Make sure your child follows word order.

Picture for the exercise

LENA RIDES.

On the ________

US____.

US ____ ____.

The rules of the game are simple, but you will need some equipment - special cards. In general, there is a real game, it is called Dixit (Dixit), but not everyone can afford to buy it. Therefore, you can create some of its elements yourself. The bottom line is this: players are dealt six cards. They depict various pictures - almost surreal.

for instance- lopsided anchor, in the middle of the desert.

Example of game cards

The essence of the game-exercise

What associations come to mind?
They need to be formulated in one phrase - and voice it to the rest.
The main condition: the phrase must be built in compliance with the word order. Inversion and illogicality are unacceptable.
Players choose a suitable card from their set according to the description and lay it out on the table.

The secret is that the description should be multifaceted, and the one whose card was not guessed right away wins.

But, the important element is that if no one was able to identify your card at all, you lose points.
By the way, the cards themselves, or rather pictures, can be found and printed from the Internet at home.

Game-exercise number 3.

Option for children.

sea battle game(borrowed from Bobkina O.G. - speech therapist of secondary school No. 5 in the village of Tavrichanka, Nadezhdinsky district, Primorsky Territory). We are working on orientation to the plane, improving syllabic analysis and synthesis, forming an active and passive vocabulary of students.

Children are offered a playing field on which ships are depicted with syllables written on them: the teacher / parent names a place on the field, and the children look for it and name the syllable written on it.

If the ships are named in a certain sequence, then words can be made from syllables. For this, the named syllables are written out, and then synthesized.

Speech material:

Teacher/Parent: Students:

E-1, D-7, A-9 TAN, KA, PI = CAPTAIN

E-8, F-4 SKOY, MOR = MARINE

B-4, K-7 REG, BE = SHORE

K-5, A-7 YAK, MA = LIGHTHOUSE

Z-5, A-1 PRO, LIV = STRAIT

Zh-7, G-2, Z-3 SLAVE, KO, LI-SHIPS

Zh-10, I-3 ROD, GO- CITY

I-8, D-3 SIR, BUK-TUG

E-5, B-6, BUKH, TA- BAY

G-10, B-2 ROM, PA- FERRY

I-6, D-9 Shtur, Shaft-Shturval

playing field

Option for adult students.

Game "Fire Crocodile". We are working on the development of observation, attentiveness, skills to build logical chains.

The rules are very simple. The participants are divided into two teams. The first team thinks of a word and informs its representative of the rivals. This is the chosen one, who must pantomime the word to his team. The pretender cannot speak, but members of his team can ask him questions, list the options that appear. Nodding your head “yes” or “no” to the person depicting the word is allowed - but no more! At this time, the team that made up the word can simply roll with laughter, seeing the efforts of opponents, often futile for a long time. If the word is guessed, the teams switch roles. Of course, a new player is set up for the image each time.

For those who are just learning the game, you can start with the elementary. It will be more difficult with abstractions: for example, the word “set” was guessed for a long time. Now imagine how you can portray "perfection"? If you have more or less figured out the words, you can proceed to the image of phrases, then - proverbs.

For warm-up: sleeve, control, fire, action, document, partner, parade

Collocations: fire tower, property damage, fire brigade, fire sketch.

Sayings and proverbs

For a beaten man they give two unbeaten
Tears of sorrow will not help
Sleep on one side - thirty-six hours.
Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds
There is safety in numbers
Fight fire with fire
The word is not a sparrow - it will fly out, you won't catch it
Sleeps like a regimental horse.
How do you call the boat - so it will float
What burns does not rot.
The fireman is sleeping - the Motherland is getting richer.
How many do not feed the wolf - he looks into the forest
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing
He aimed at the heel, but hit the nose.
If you like to talk, love and listen.

Practical material is given according to the complexity of the tasks: from letters, syllables, to reading sentences and various types of texts. Assignments are playful and educational in nature.

The reasons for the difficulties of learning at school and university are very diverse, and therefore game methods must be strictly differentiated and individualized, that is correspond to the mechanisms of learning and behavioral problems in the institution, identified during a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, as well as to the sex, age and individual characteristics of the child's personality.

1. Kornev A.N. Reading and writing disorders in children: Educational and methodological manual - St. Petersburg: MiM, 1997. - 286 p.

Dysgraphia is usually detected when the child goes to school. The essence of the pathology is the violation of written activity. Problems arise due to the lack of formation of all the functions of the psyche that are responsible for the control and execution of writing.

And now let's dwell on this in more detail.

What is "dysgraphia"?

Dysgraphia is caused by a complete or partial violation of written activity caused by a deficit in the formation of the order of mental functions. Pathology is manifested by constant specific errors in writing. Without purposeful correction, it will not be possible to eliminate them.

The most widespread pathology was among younger schoolchildren. This is due to the fact that most children suffer from phonemic or general underdevelopment of speech. If there is such a violation, it is much more difficult to master the letter.

Depending on the severity, agraphia and dysgraphia are distinguished. In the first case, the child cannot master writing at all. He completely loses these abilities. With the development of dysgraphia, written speech is present, but its distortion is observed.

Today there are a large number of varieties of the disease. There are the following variants of dysgraphia:

Optical. The child mirrors symbols or sentences. He can write letters incompletely or reproduce them on paper with extra parts.
Problems with language analysis and synthesis. The child duplicates syllables. There are difficulties with continuous and separate writing.
Acoustic. Occurs as a result of hearing impairment. It is accompanied by the substitution of paired letters with each other. There may be disturbances in sonority and deafness or hardness and softness.
Articular acoustic. Similar to the previous type of pathology. Arises due to incorrect articulation, which leads to an incorrect mental representation of the structure of the word.
Motor. Rarely associated with mental features. It usually appears due to the fact that the child cannot correctly control his hand when writing. This can manifest itself as a slow writing speed of words or a constant change in the slope and size of letters. Sometimes there may be too little or too much pressure on the paper. The lines are jittery. There is stiffness of movement. This phenomenon is especially noticeable when moving from one character to another.
Agrammatical. It is observed due to grammatical inconsistency in phrases. A child can confuse gender, declension, cases, numbers, substitute prepositions. It is possible to make an error in checking vowels in the root if they are not stressed. This phenomenon is most often observed in religious families or during a long life abroad. An incorrect methodology for early teaching a foreign language can also lead to the emergence of such a phenomenon.

Dysgraphia in schoolchildren

Dysgraphia is very similar to banal illiteracy and ignorance of the rules of the language. However, the problem goes much deeper. To understand the difference, just look at the following example. It is necessary to ask the child to write the word "sentence". A person who does not know the rules of the Russian language is likely to make a mistake at the beginning of a word and write an “appendix”. In a child with dysgraphia, this word may look like "breathing".

Handwriting in children with pathology is often illegible and uneven. To write a word, a child needs to make a lot of effort. However, he writes slowly. If the patient is studying in a class with ordinary children, he may experience anxiety due to slowness, mistakes made. The dissatisfaction of teachers further exacerbates the problem. In speech, a child suffering from a pathology often cannot build long sentences. He prefers to remain silent or speaks very briefly. Because of this, the patient cannot communicate with peers. It seems to him that all classmates are against him.

Statistics show that pathology can be accompanied by other diseases. Most often, dysgraphia is detected in conjunction with. In addition, the child may have problems in speech and disorders of other physical functions.

Dysgraphia in younger students

Children of primary school age are most often faced with problems. They manifest themselves in the process of learning to write in elementary school. The child begins to write words with phonetic errors. Syllables are formed incorrectly. There is the addition of extra letters or the omission of the necessary ones. Often several words are spelled together.

Symptoms of dysgraphia

Symptoms of pathology appear during written speech. You can suspect the presence of dysgraphia by the following signs:

the child skips lines or letters;
there is a continuous spelling of prepositions with words;
there are no indents between words and sentences;
the child does not follow the rules of word wrapping and the boundaries of the fields in the notebook;
the child cannot determine the writing of time limits;
handwriting is illegible, sloppy and small;
letters are written clumsily;
unstressed vowels are spelled incorrectly;
there are many extra letters and syllables.

Causes and prevention of dysgraphia

There are many reasons for dysgraphia. The phenomenon may occur as a result of heredity or somatic diseases that continue for a long time. Poor socialization of the child is also a possible cause of pathology. The risk of developing diseases increases if a person communicates little with peers. Much depends on the speech of adults. If grandparents, parents and others around the child speak illiterate and indistinctly, this may affect the patient. Disturbances in the work of the brain also lead to pathology. They can be obtained as a result of:

birth trauma;
asphyxia;
intrauterine infection.

An attempt to teach a child to read and write at too early an age can also provoke the appearance of pathology. Many women want their children to learn these skills by the age of three. However, everything has its time. Such children are psychologically unprepared to master the material that is difficult for them. The opposite phenomenon is also possible. If parents are negligent in raising children, problems can also arise.

Pathology can be avoided if attention is paid to various preventive measures in advance. Doctors recommend:

constantly read books to the child from the moment of birth;
start school preparation classes from the age of 4-5 years;
enroll the child in creative circles that contribute to the development of large and fine motor skills of the hands.

Correction of dysgraphia with exercises

Dysgraphia is correctable. However, parents should be prepared that they will have to spend a lot of effort to fight the pathology. Violation requires qualified speech therapy assistance. Usually, the fight against the disease is carried out by performing various exercises. They depend on the age of the child and the characteristics of the disease. So, to combat pathology can be used:

Magnetic ABC. It is used for children of primary school age. The alphabet asks the child to put syllables and words from letters, and then pronounce them. This allows you to remember graphic images and correct spelling.
Schematic words. In a schematic version, pictures are drawn depicting various objects, and their names are also written. So, if a horse is drawn, the sound scheme “l-o-sh-a-d-s” is written under it. The task of the child is to correctly pronounce the word and write it independently. All sounds must be pronounced clearly.
Writer game. The child is asked to take a pen and ink and write something. Using the method, the correct position of the pen in relation to the paper is formed.
Handwriting work. In order for the child to write clearly, it is necessary to use checkered notebooks. During homework, parents should invite the child to enter a letter in each cell. However, do not offer to rewrite too large texts. The child is bored. Exercise can turn into torture.
Missing letters. It is necessary to give the child a text in which a number of letters are missing. Along with the assignment, you need to give the same passage, but written correctly. The task of the child will be to rewrite the letters in the place of the gap. The exercise allows you to train attention and memorize the correct spelling of words.
Conducting a dictation. Usually the method is used for older children. The method makes it possible to work out speech perception.
Dividing the text into semantic blocks. The method is especially relevant if you need to write a lot in a notebook.
Learning words from a dictionary. Experts advise reviewing and learning at least three to four new vocabulary words daily. However, do not overdo it. If parents begin to demand too much from the child, this will lead to a loss of interest in the lesson and a refusal to continue learning.
Learning poems by heart. The method allows you to train memory and develop speech. This feature will subsequently have a positive effect on the letter.

When working with a child who has been diagnosed with dysgraphia, it is important not to force him to correct his mistakes over and over again, but to teach him not to make them. For this reason, parents must check all completed tasks on their own.

Correction in schoolchildren

Under normal school conditions, the fight against pathology cannot be carried out. Corrective work is carried out depending on the type of violation. The goals of the actions are as follows:

improvement of all cognitive spheres;
increase in vocabulary;
formation of coherent speech;
elimination of defects arising in sound pronunciation;
development of analytical and synthetic ability;
improvement of auditory and spatial perception;
development of the grammatical side of speech.

The skills that the child will be able to acquire during the correction are fixed by completing written assignments. In addition, it is recommended to undergo an examination by a psychoneurologist. This will identify the accompanying dysgraphia violations, if any. In the case of such a diagnosis, drug treatment is prescribed. Additionally, a physiotherapy procedure is performed. The child may be referred for therapeutic exercises or manual therapy.

Correction in younger students

Today, a lot of effective exercises have been developed that allow you to correct dysgraphia in younger students. The selection of suitable exercises is carried out by a specialist. Parents can do the following with their child:

Labyrinths. This is a game exercise that promotes the development of gross motor skills. It increases attention. The essence of the exercises is the need to draw continuous lines. At the same time, it is important that the child does not change the position of the hand and does not turn the piece of paper on which the drawing used to connect by dots is depicted.
Corrective editing. To complete the exercise, you must take a book that the child has previously read. The text should be in medium font. Then the parent should give the task to underline any one letter in the text. For example, it could be a or o. Initially, it is worth giving a task only for 1 letter. It is recommended to exercise no more than 5 minutes a day. After 5 days, you can complicate the task. So, the task now may be to underline one letter, and cross out or circle the next. Then you should be asked to mark paired letters that have some similarities.
We write aloud. The essence of the method is to pronounce everything that is written, exactly in the form in which it is reproduced on paper. In this case, it is necessary to underline weak letters. This name was given to sounds that are not given attention during pronunciation, but they are indicated in writing. It is necessary to clearly pronounce the endings of all words and write them down.

Exercises must be performed systematically. Otherwise, they will not be useful.

Dysgraphia is a partial disorder of the writing process, which is associated with a violation or incomplete formation of mental functions responsible for the control and implementation of written speech. This pathology is manifested by recurring persistent errors in writing, which cannot be eliminated on their own without special training. Such violations are a serious obstacle to the acquisition of literacy by a child, so the correction of dysgraphia is the necessary step that parents should take as soon as possible.

Correction of dysgraphia in younger students

Quite often, dysgraphia in children is combined with such a phenomenon as dyslexia, which is manifested by violations of the reading process. At the heart of dyslexia are also underdevelopment of attention, difficulty in recognizing letters and spatial perception. Usually dysgraphia is manifested by omissions of letters and syllables. This indicates that the child does not isolate vowels or some consonant sounds by ear.

If parents notice similar signs in their child, it is necessary to immediately begin treatment of the pathology. Correction of dysgraphia in younger students involves, first of all, work with a child psychologist and speech therapist. The psychologist must help the child overcome difficulties in relationships in the family and at school, and the speech therapist develops a plan for treating the disease. It is built in accordance with the mechanism and form of violation of the letter. If we talk about general methods for correcting dysgraphia in younger students, then among them we can distinguish the following most effective:

Elimination of violations in sound pronunciation and phonemic processes;
Work on enriching the vocabulary of a younger student;
Emphasis on the formation of the grammatical side of speech;
Development of analytical and synthetic activities;
Classes aimed at improving spatial and auditory perception;
Activities that develop memory and thinking;
Development of the motor sphere;
Classes to improve coherent speech;
Written exercises to consolidate the acquired skills.

In addition, when correcting dysgraphia in younger students, courses of drug therapy and some types of rehabilitation treatment are often prescribed. Among the latter, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy and massage treatments are most commonly used.

Correction of optical dysgraphia

Experts distinguish several types of dysgraphia:

Articular-acoustic, in which there are violations of sound pronunciation, phonemic perception and articulation;
Acoustic, which is characterized by problems with phonemic recognition;
Agrammatical, due to insufficient development of the lexical and grammatical side of speech;
Dysgraphia associated with the problems of language analysis and synthesis;
Optical, indicating violations of visual-spatial representations.

The latter type is characterized by instability of visual impressions, leading to specific errors when individual letters and unusual fonts are not recognized. This misperception is expressed by mixing letters when writing.

E. V. Mazanova in her book “Correction of Optical Dysgraphia” for the treatment of the disease suggests carrying out correctional and speech therapy work in these main areas:

Expansion of the visual memory of the child;
Mastering graphic symbolization;
Development of visual perception, analysis and synthesis;
Development of auditory analysis and synthesis;
Development of visual gnosis (recognition of color, size and shape);
Formation of temporal and spatial representations;
Formation of graphomotor skills;
Differentiation of letters that have kinetic and optical similarity.

Correction of optical dysgraphia includes many different exercises that contribute to the above directions. For example, for the development of visual gnosis, experts recommend naming contour, crossed out and superimposed images of objects, as well as their completion. To improve color perception, exercises such as naming colors in pictures, grouping them according to a color background or shades, painting various geometric shapes in specific colors are practiced.

Dysgraphia correction, according to Mazanova, also includes letter recognition exercises. So, you can invite the child to find a certain letter among a number of others, identify letters that are located incorrectly, identify letters that are superimposed on each other, etc.

The next stage is the development of visual memory and spatial perception. In this case, when correcting dysgraphia, according to Mazanova, exercises such as memorizing pictures or objects, their location and reproduction after a certain time are carried out. Spatial orientation requires several types of orientation:

In one's own body (including the differentiation of left and right parts);
In the surrounding world;
On a piece of paper.

In syllables;
In words;
In phrases;
In offers;
In the text.

Correction of dysgraphia and dyslexia

Correction of dysgraphia and dyslexia, as a rule, is divided into 4 main stages:

Diagnostic;
Preparatory;
Corrective;
Estimated.

The first stage of correction of dysgraphia and dyslexia involves the identification of these disorders in children with the help of dictations, examination of the state of the lexical and grammatical side of speech and analysis of its results.

The second stage is aimed at the general development of manual motor skills, space-time representations, memory and thinking.

The third stage of correction of dysgraphia and dyslexia is characterized by overcoming dysgraphic disorders. The work in this case is implemented mainly at the syntactic, lexical and phonetic levels and is often aimed at eliminating problems with coherent speech, reading and sound pronunciation.

The last stage of the methodology is designed to evaluate the results of the correction of dysgraphia and dyslexia, so it usually re-tests writing and reading skills, as well as an analysis of all kinds of written work of children.

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