Transport activities are an important sector of service consisting in the transport of goods and passengers. Similar training, closely related to, as well as affecting ecology and on, requires the relevant government agencies. Transport activities can be carried out only after training employees, passing specific inspections and obtain permission.

In which cases requires licensing of transport activities

First, let's find out which types of transportation are subject to licensing. The list of activities in the transport sector to which licensing is required is constantly changing and updated with new items. To date, it is necessary to obtain permission (to pass licensing) will need if the organization plans to do:

• Transportation by road more than 8 passengers (except for official needs and);
• transportation of passengers and goods by rail, sea and river transport;
• commercial transportation of passengers on passenger transport;
• transportation of goods over 3.5 tons (except for the official needs of the IP and Yurlitz);
• loading and unloading dangerous goods in ports and on the railway;
• air carriage and passengers;
• towing water transport.

And although the licensing of passenger traffic by road (motor vehicles), bus, marine and rail - an important topic for discussion, but we will consider the procedure for licensing activities related to road transport services in the field of freight and passenger traffic.

The concept and features of the licensing of passenger transport will tell a specialist in the video below:

How is the issuance of licenses

To get the necessary license, organizations should go a few steps and ensure compliance important conditionsthat are nominated by the state to legal entities planning to engage in transport activities.

Responsible bodies

Licensing transport activities Rostransnadzor is engaged. It is in this state structure of the organization that documents should be submitted if you plan to carry out commercial transportation of passengers and goods.

In addition to the harmonization and issuing licenses, Rostransnadzor is engaged in and monitoring the activities of the organizations that it was permitted. The transport of the organization will lead to inspections of this state structure and is possible - cancellation of the license.

Terms of licensing activities for the transport of passengers and goods are described below.

Conditions

License for transport activities is issued to organizations only if they comply with certain conditions. Such a severity in the control of Jurlitz is due to the importance of their work.

So, you can apply for licensing if:

• You have your own or rented premises in which maintenance and repair will be made. vehicle, or you have a contract with an organization that will do this;
• you have certified qualified experienced drivers in your staff, who have passed;
• you have a licensed health worker in your staff, which will conduct a pre- and postresting driver check (or a contract with a specialized organization has been concluded);
• you have the necessary vehicles and technical resources that have passed and admitted to and passenger transport;
• in the vehicle installed funds for controlling the mode of movement, labor and recreation;
• motor transport is equipped with certified satellite navigation equipment;
• motor transport.

The licensing of children's transportation will be in this video:

Required documents

To start the procedure for the possibility of providing your organization license, you should collect a package of documents for Rostransnadzor.

1. Statement on the prescribed form.
2. Copies of TIN testimonies, formulation of tax accounting and on the introduction of an organization in. For IP, instead of the last document will be required.
3. Copies of qualifying and certification certificates of standard drivers.
4. Copies of the last medical examinations of regular drivers.
5. Information about TC (, and).
6. Certificate of ownership to the indicated vehicles or.
7. Certificate of property or lease agreement on the premises in which maintenance and repair of the vehicle will be carried out.
8. A diploma on education and a health career license or an agreement with an organization that will conduct pre- and post-track inspections of full-time drivers.
9. Notification of the inclusion of the TC organization in the register of categorized transport infrastructure.
10. Receipt for 7,500 rubles.

Statement

You can find a form of application for a license to receive in public services in a section on Rostransnadzor's activities. There you can also verify the list of documents necessary for submitting the application.

The statement indicates the name of the organization or IP, as well as other details, important for reconciliation and filling out documentation. For each family of services that the organization plans to implement, you need to fill out your application form, collect a package of copies of documents, as well as pay the state duty.

You can download the application application form to receive a license for transportation.

Application form for transportation license

Application blank for transportation license - 1

Application blank for transportation license - 2

Application blank for transportation license - 3

Application blank for transportation license - 4

Application blank for transportation license - 5

Application blank for transportation license - 6

Stages of decoration permission

To make a license for transport activities, you need to assemble the specified package of documents and attributed it to the management of Rostransnadzor in its city.

1. The served package is viewed by an inspector and is accepted.
2. Within two weeks, Rostransnadzor must answer your application. If your organization has not been followed by licensing conditions, or in the documents there are errors, you will refuse to issue permission in writing. Otherwise, the receipt procedure will go further.
3. Within three days after accepting a positive solution, Rostransnadzor must provide an appropriate notification to the organization.
4. If necessary, it will be assigned an examination of the compliance of your organization to licensing conditions. You will either bring the originals of documents to the management of Rostransnadzor, or the Commission will come directly to you for inspection and conversations with the leadership, health worker and drivers.

The finished license for transport activities is issued by Rostransnadzor no later than the 45th working day from the date of submission of a package of documents.

What is fraught with transportation without a license, will tell this video:

Automobile licensing. The procedure for obtaining a license. Russian transport inspection, its goals and objectives. Types of control conducted by RTI.

Licensing is an effective measure of the authorities of all levels to protect the interests of the state, the region from the possible negative consequences of the commercial activities of entrepreneurs.

The process of licensing on road transport is a regulator to the tolerance of individuals and legal entities to motor transport activities. Licensing is regulated by the regulatory acts of the federal, regional and local management level.

Federal Law of September 25, 1998 No. 158-FZ "On licensing certain types of activities" regulates relations arising in connection with the implementation of licensing of certain types of activities.

The list of licensed activities in road transport includes:

Transportation of passengers by road, equipped for transportation of more than 8 people (except for the case, if the indicated activity is carried out to ensure their own needs of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur);

Transportation of passengers on a commercial-based passenger car transport;

Transportation of goods by road with a lifting capacity of over 3.5 tons (except for the case if the specified activity is carried out to ensure their own needs of a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur).

The procedure for obtaining a license:

1. Filling out the application form for license issuance

2. Preparation of documents attached to the application

3. Submission of documents to the licensing authority

4. Read the licensing authority compliance with the applicant licensed requirements.

5. Obtaining a license and licensed cards (within 45 days)

In order to carry out control by the state for compliance with legal, regulatory and technical acts, which regulates the activities of the industry, as well as for the implementation of international transport by cars in 1990, a transport inspection was created in the structure of the Ministry of Transport.

The main tasks of RTI is engaged in:

Development and approval of the rules of admission of newly registered business entities in the field of motor vehicles;

Licensing of this type of activity;

Controlling the fulfillment of the requirements of the requirements in accordance with the license issued by him, as well as the existence of the right to apply sanctions in violation of these requirements in accordance with applicable law;

Carrying out the analysis of the maintenance of rolling stock.

Licensing authorities monitor compliance with the conditions provided for by the license using generally accepted forms of state control: verification of execution, inspection, revision, supervision.

Execution check- The most common form of control is the necessary for the element of operational guidelines and is associated with the development of practical recommendations and proposals for the timely and accurate implementation of decisions.

Inspection- control over compliance with state established by the state, standards in certain areas of activity, sectors of the economy. Accompanied, as a rule, briefing the checked workers.

Revision- Control over compliance with state rules established by the state. It is carried out only in terms of matching the behavior of controlled objects with existing rules and instructions.

Supervision- The form of control, the most important to government legal regulation. It is primarily used to monitor compliance with the laws established by the state of norms, rules, standards.

Certification system in road transport. The main directions of the development of certification in road transport. The basic concepts of certification. Principles, forms and participants of certification.

The main goal of creating and functioning a system of certification in road transport is to promote the development of the country's economy and improving the efficiency of road transport, taking into account the safety requirements for the environment.

Certified products include products used in road transport as items and equipment:

Motor vehicles (buses, cargo and passenger cars, special and specialized cars, etc.).

Operational materials (petroleum products and autocreparations).

Garage equipment.

Services can be attributed to:

Services in the field of transportation of goods and passengers;

Services in maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, etc.

Certification participants:

Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology, which is managed by the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation;

Government governments authorized to conduct certification work;

Central authorities of certification systems;

Local organs certification;

Testing laboratories;

Manufacturers (sellers, performers) products (services)

Certification objects on road transport are: products, services and other objects (processes, work, quality systems, etc.). Products (services) are certified for various reasons. However, among them should be allocated two main:

The first - confirmation of the safety of goods for the health and life of a person, his property and the surrounding natural environment;

The second is the conquest of the market, i.e. Improving the competitiveness of goods (services).

The legislation of the Russian Federation provides for two types of certification - mandatory and voluntary .

Mandatory certification is carried out in cases provided for by legislative acts Russian Federation.

Voluntary certification is carried out on the initiative of legal entities and citizens based on the applicant and the certification authority. Voluntary certification can also be carried out in the system of compulsory certification, if it is provided for by the rules of the mandatory certification system and if there is a sign of compliance with voluntary certification in this system that is registered in the prescribed manner.

Product certification provides:

Determining by testing the testing of the product sample established requirements;

Verification of the production of certified products for the presence of conditions providing a stable level of characteristics and indicators confirmed by certification tests;

Recognition of certificates of conformity in the applicant;

Issuing a certificate of conformity or approval of the type of vehicle;

Inspection control over the compliance of manufactured products certified characteristics and indicators.

The legislative framework Certification is based on:

International, interstate standards to which Russia is joined;

State Standards of the Russian Federation (GOST R);

Industry Standards, Technical Conditions

The certification system in road transport is a complex of system of certification of homogeneous products and services in various areas of activity.

Thermodynamic system and working body. Energy conversion stages and processes to change the condition of the working fluid. Isochhore, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic processes. Polytropic process as a generalization of thermal processes.

Thermodynamic system - A combination of bodies, which are in the interaction of both among themselves and with the environment (cylinder with piston placed in it). The functioning of the thermodynamic system is carried out by changing the parameters of the working fluid.

In technical thermodynamics, these parameters are called thermodynamic parameters of the system. Since the main working bodies are gases and pairs, the main thermodynamic parameters are pressure P, temperature T, specific volumeN (R).

Temperature - characterizes the degree of heatedness of the working fluid.

W. sell \u200b\u200bvolume v. - represents the volume of body weight: The value, the inverse the specific volume is a mass unit of volume and is called the density: yes r. - In the international system of units (s), the pressure is measured by an N / M2 unit, which is called Pascal (PA) - pressure caused by force 1 Newton, evenly distributed over a surface normal to it with an area of \u200b\u200b1 m2.

Workers body- In thermodynamics, the conditional non-changeable material body, expanding with heat to it and compressing during cooling and performing the work on the movement of the working body of the heat machine. In theoretical workings, the working fluid usually has properties of the formal gas.

In practice, the heat engine products are combustion of hydrocarbon fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, etc.), or water vapor, having high thermodynamic parameters (initial temperature, pressure, speed, etc.) in refrigeration machines as The working fluid uses freons, ammonia, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen.

In nozzles canalswhen expanding water vapor from pressure p 0. to pressure p 1. thermal energy is converted to kineticAs a result of which the nozzle of the lattice acquires speed with 1. (absolute speedgrowing OT with 0.before with 1.), the direction of which in relation to the lattice front is determined by the angle a. 1 .

In the inter-pump channels of the latticewhen turning the flow and further steam expansion to pressure p 2.her kinetic energy is converted into mechanical. When working around working blades with a curvilinear profile (when turning a stream in channels) is created activeefforts R Akt. , and when expanding the water vapor (due to the acceleration of the flow) - reactive R Receive that form district effort : . During the operation of the engine, the working fluid is obtained as a result of combustion of the fuel mixture supplied to the cylinder space between its lid and the piston. Because The temperature and pressure of the working fluid is larger than the temperature and pressure of the environment, it is capable of doing work, so the working fluid expands, moving the piston. This energy is directly used to perform the work and inverse movement of the piston, which occurs due to the part of the energy transmitted through the curvature-connecting mechanism of the flywheel. Recall that the values \u200b\u200bcharacterizing the physical properties of the working fluid are currently called the parameters of the state of the working fluid, and the direct measurement is amenable to three state parameters: pressure r, specific volume v.and temperature T.which are called basic or thermal parameters. Therefore, the state of the ship's energy installation is monitored, first of all, according to the testimony of pressure gauges and thermometers. The specific volume serves as one of the coordinates during the graphic image of the processes occurring with the working fluid. In particular, the technique is customary to use p-VKordinatami, which is the convenience of their clarity and in the fact that areas under the lines depicting processes are shown on the scale.

The main processes of changes in the state of the working fluid are isochorn (when v.\u003d const), isobaric (with p.\u003d const) isothermal (with T.\u003d const) and adiabatic (occurring without heat exchange with the environment) processes. One example of isochoric process is the process of explosively combustion of gasoline vapor in the carburetor engine, and this process in p-Vdiagram It is depicted by a vertical line (in almost the cylinder when the spark is served, a mixture of gasoline vapor with air is accompanied, which is accompanied by a sharp pressure of pressure). At the same time, the isobaric process is depicted in p-Vdiagram Horizontal line and can serve as a "slow" fuel combustion in a diesel engine cylinder. Isothermal process We know on the boiling process of water in the kettle, where the temperature does not change. In the technique, this process accompanies the preparation of the working fluid in the steam generator.

An adiabatic process is considered to be any such fast-acting process that heat exchange during it does not have time to occur. In the technique, any process of compression and expansion is considered to be adiabat (Fig. 2), which, unlike isothermal process, is depicted by a non-uniform hyperbole located somewhat more cool compared to isotherm (which is understandable, since with a rapid gas compression, its pressure is growing faster Compared to slow compression). 1) isochorn process (Fig. 1) is the process of quasistatic heating or gas cooling at a constant volume. V. And under the condition that the amount of substance ν in the vessel remains unchanged.

Isobaric (or isobaric) process - the process of changing the state of the thermodynamic system at constant pressure () Isothermal process - The process of changing the state of the thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (). Adiabatic, or adiabat process- The thermodynamic process in the macroscopic system, in which the system does not exchange heat with the surrounding space.

The processes that had completely certain signs were considered: the isochorous process was carried out at a constant volume; isobaric - at constant pressure; isothermal - at a constant temperature; Adiabataya, in the absence of heat exchange between the working body and the external environment. Along with these processes, it is still an endless set of processes that have other permanent signs.

Any process of perfect gas was agreed, in which the specific heat capacity is a constant value, called the polytropic process, and the process line is a polytropy.

From the determination of the polytrophic process, it follows that the main thermodynamic processes are isochhore, isobaric, isothermal and adiabat, if they occur at a constant specific heat capacity, are special cases of the polytropic process. So, the polytropic process passes with constant heat capacity.

Classification

All liquid lubricants are divided into classes by viscosity (SAE Classification for Motor ITransmission Oils, ISO VG Classification for Industrial Oceelles), and Group Operational Property Groups (API Classifications, ACEA for Motor and Transmission Oils, ISO Classification for Industrial Oils.

By aggregative state are divided into:

• solid
• emirates
• semi-finished
• liquid
• gaseous.

For appointment:

· Motor oils are used in internal combustion engines.

· Transmission and gear oils used in various gear transmissions and boxes.

· Hydraulic oils used as a working fluid in hydraulic systems.

· Food oils and liquids used in equipment for food production and packaging, the risk of pollution of products with lubricating agent is possible.

· Industrial oils (textiles, for rolling mills, hardening, electrical insulating, coolants, and many others) used in a wide variety of machines and mechanisms for purpose, conservation, seals, cooling, removal of waste, etc.

· Electrically conductive lubricants (pastes) used to protect electrical contacts from corrosion of incorporation of transient contact resistance. Electrically conductive lubricants manufactured with confusing.

· Consistency (plastic) lubricants used in those nodes in which it is constructively impossible torement of liquid lubricants.

Motor oils -GSM intended to reduce friction between the driving surfaces of parts. -Construction of wear of surfaces. - Cooling details. - Protection of parts from corrosion and pollution.

Additives to oils - Weighing supplements that are injected into engine oils to increase its quality.

Types of additives.

1- viscous - to increase viscosity M.M.

2-clean-dispersing additives to prevent or reduce the formation of lacquer sediments or precipitation on the working surface to maintain oxidation products in the weighed state.

3-sulfate calcium salts (magnesium) (increase detergents and neutralizing oils of oils).

4- alkylsalicylate-antioxidative, anti-corrosion, antifriction.

5- Solid distortions are supported in weighted condition solid particles that are formed when the ILO oil is oxidized in the engine.

6- Antioxidant additives-with high temperatures and loads in oil occur oxidizing processes.

7- Depressor additives - lower the temperature of the oil of the oil.

8- Improving lubricating properties.

9- Antipyal additives 10Modifiers friction-fuel economy score reducing the cost of friction capacity.

Classification of motor oil-mineral (oil refining). Synthetic (by chemical reactions). Polyusintic

The order of the cylinders

The order of alternation of the same names in different cylinders is called the order of operation of the cylinders of the power unit. The order of work depends on the position of the sheep of cam and crankshafts and the location of cylinders.

The four-cylinder single-row four-stroke motor tactics alternate 180 °, the order of work can be 1-2-4-3 ("Volga) or 1-3-4-2 (VAZ - 2106," Moskvich-2140 ").

Under the gas distribution phases, the initial points of opening and final moments of closing valves, which are expressed in degrees of the angle of rotation of the crankshaft relative to dead points. So that the cylinders are better clean from the exhaust gases, the exhaust valve must be opened until the NMT has been reached, and the closing process should occur after the NTT. For the purpose of the best content of cylinders, the mixture of the inlet valve must be opened before reaching the NMT piston, and perform its closure after the NMT passage. The time segment, during which both valves are simultaneously open (exhaust and intake), are called valves overlap.

The gas distribution phases are selected by specialists in the factories by experimentally depending on the design of the intake and exhaust system of the engine and its speed. At the same time, they strive to apply the oscillatory movement of gases in the graduation and intake systems in such a way that the pressure wave would have been formed to the final position of the closing of the inlet valve before it, and the wave of permissions would be formed to the final phase of the closing of the exhaust valve. With this selection of the phases of gas distribution simultaneously, it is possible to improve the filling of the cylinders with a fresh mixture, as well as better clean them from the exhaust gases.

The correct installation of the mechanism of the NTC timing is established by the engagement of the distribution gear with the tags present on them. Deviation when installing the phases of the gas distribution at least three toys of the sprocket or gear of the camshaft leads to a significant impact of the valve on the piston, the loss of compression, damage to the valve or motor. The constancy of the phases of gas distribution remains only subject to the thermal clearance in the valve mechanism. The increase in the gap helps to reduce the duration of the opening of the valve.

The engine lubrication system is called a set of devices that serve to supply oil in the required quantity at a certain temperature and under a certain pressure to the rubbing surfaces of the parts.

In addition to performing its main function, the lubrication system also provides:

• protection of all parts of the engine from corrosion;
• cooling of the engine and its parts;
• the output of wear products and nagar.

The amount of oil supplied to the rubbing surfaces of the engine parts, and the method of its failure depends on the working conditions: load, temperature and the rate of relative movement of these surfaces.

Carter pallet. This part is designed to place oil. Typically, the level of oil content is controlled using a sensor showing the temperature and oil level, as well as using a special probe.

Oil pump. We are needed to supply oil from the pallet to the system. This unit carries out its work using a camshaft, a motor shaft (crankshaft) or when using a wired optional shaft. In most cases, gear-type pumps are used on modern vehicles.

Oil filter is designed to produce the carving of the incoming oil from the products of Nagar and wear. The cleaning process occurs when using the filtering element to be replaced when replacing the oil

The sensor measuring the pressure in such a design is used to monitor oil pressure. It is located in the oil highway. The electrical signal comes from it to the dashboard to the control lamp. On modern cars, an oil pressure index is also installed. And together with it, the temperature sensor can be installed.

Tosol

"Tosol is a coolant bracket, the prototype of which was the Italian antifreeze, appeared in the USSR with the beginning of the release of the LADA family of the Lada family. Over time, Tososol has acquired a none value and began to be perceived as synonym for the word "antifreeze". But Tososol has some advantages.

Antifreeze

This type of refrigerant differs from other antifreezes of additive production technology, based on carboxylic acid salts. This type of coolant has steadily functions at high temperatures, and is also capable of working under a long service life. Sometimes this time is the service life of the entire vehicle.

Hybrid refrigerant

The most common type of hybrid refrigerant is the antifreeze of Glysantin brands and Mobil Extra. Hybrid "consumables" are refueling at BMW, Mercedes, Chrysler concerns due to their high technical characteristics. In each case, the service life is installed by the manufacturer.

Traditional refrigerant

To date, this type of liquid can be considered morally obsolete, since inorganic technologies are used in its production. Additives in such a refrigerant consist of silicates, nitrites, phosphates, etc. Carboxylates are not used in these antifreeges.

Internal combustion engine power systems: with fuel injection and carburation. Requirements for modern nutrition systems. Microprocessor fuel flow control systems. Fuel efficiency of the car.

The power system performs functions:

1. fuel supply, cleaning and storage;
2. air purification;
3. preparation of a special combustible mixture;
4. feed the mixture into the cylinders of the DVS.

The classic car power system consists of the following structural elements:

• fuel tank intended for storing fuel;
• fuel pump that performs the function of creating pressure in the system and forced fuel supply;
• fuel hardware - special metal tubes and rubber hoses for the transportation of fuel from the fuel tank to the engine (and excess fuel - in the opposite direction);
• filter (or filters) of fuel purification;
• air filter (for air purification from impurities);
• cooking devices fuel mixture.

The power system has a fairly simple principle of operation: under the influence of a special fuel pump fuel from the tank, pre-passing the procedure for cleaning the fuel filter, the fuel line is supplied to the device designed to prepare the fuel and air mixture. And then the mixture is fed to the engine cylinders.

Power system options

Carburetor

The carburetor system is based on the action of technically complex devices - carburetor. The carburetor is a device that prepares a mixture of fuel and air in the required proportions. Despite the variety of species, in automotive practice the largest application was obtained by a float suction carburetor, which includes the schematic diagram:

• float chamber and float;
• sprayer, diffuser and mixing chair;
• air and throttle;
• fuel and aircraft with appropriate gibeles.

The preparation of the fuel and air mixture in the carburetor is carried out according to the passive scheme. The movement of the piston in the intake tact (first tact) creates a discharged space in the cylinder, into which the air rushes, passing through the air filter and through the carburetor. It is here that there is a combustible mixture: in a mixing chamber, in the diffuser, the fuel, pulled out of the sprayer, is crushed by air flow and mixed with it. Finally, a combustible mixture is supplied to a specific engine cylinder through the intake manifold and inlet valves, where at the required moment is ignited from the spark plug.

Thus, the carburetor engine power system is a predominantly mechanical method of preparation of the fuel and air mixture.

Fuel injection

The era of the carburetor is replaced by the era of the injection engine, the power system is based on the fuel injection. Its main elements are: an electric fuel pump (located, as a rule, in the fuel tank), nozzles (or nozzle), the control unit of the DVS (the so-called "brains").

The principle of operation of this nutrition system is reduced to spraying fuel through the pressure under pressure generated by the fuel pump. The quality of the mixture varies depending on the engine operation mode and is controlled by the control unit.
An important component of such a system is a nozzle.

So, experts tend to allocate the following injector options:

1. with distributed injection;
2. with the central injection.

The distributed injection system involves the use of nozzles by the number of engine cylinders, where each cylinder serves its own nozzle involved in the preparation of a combustible mixture. The central injection system has only one nozzle to all cylinders located in the collector.

Electrical equipment for cars. Types of schemes and electrical equipment systems. Composition of the electrical equipment system. Sources of electrical. Energy. Consumer electrical engineering. Lighting devices, alarm and control.

Electrical equipment of the car is a set of devices that produce transmitting and consuming electricity by car.

The electrical equipment of the car is a complex complex of interrelated electrical and electronic systems, devices and devices that ensure reliable operation of the engine, transmission and chassis, traffic safety, automation of the car's workflows and comfortable conditions For driver and passengers.

Power sources

On the overwhelming majority of modern cars, the power source is synchronous generator three-phase alternating current with the drive from the main engine; Three-phase alternating current from the generator enters the built-in three-phase rectifier and voltage regulator circuit - in modern cars, the voltage controller is embedded in the generator body. For continuous and continuous nutrition, part of consumers with a non-working engine, such as lighting, car radio, stop signals, anti-theft alarm, as well as for the full subtraction of all car systems when the engine is started, serves car battery. After starting the engine, the battery recharges from the generator, and in the future it works in the buffer with the generator, smoothing the voltage drops when connecting powerful consumers.

On old cars were used dC generatorshaving large sizes and mass in comparison with three-phase generators; To maintain the constancy of the voltage, a relay regulator was used, consisting of three devices - voltage regulator, tok Limiter and relay of reverse current.

In some cases on cars special purposeAlso, on armored technique, an additional generator is installed with a separate internal combustion engine (t. n. Auxiliary power plant), which allows you to supply electricity consumers regardless of the operation of the main engine.

Electricity consumers

Car systems, depending on the model and configuration:

ABS - Anti-Blocking System Wheels (Anti-Timing Machine Braking)

SRS - security system (airbags, belt tensioners, etc.)

EFI - electronic fuel injection system (for gasoline engines)

Automatic electronic control gearbox

Light devices

Outdoor include headlights (with near and distant lights), overall lights, turn signs (combined with emergency alarms), stop signals, reverse lights, license plate lights, fog lights, in some cases decorative lamps.

The interior includes interior lighting lamps, a rotor lamp, a trunk lighting lamp, a glove box lighting lamp, a lamp of the dashboard backlight, etc.

Anti-theft alarm system - a complex of technical means installed on vehicles (mainly automobiles) to prevent their hijacking and other unauthorized use.

Anti-theft systems are divided into informing, tracking, blocking and opposing.

Some types of household appliances are also adapted to work in the car can receive power from a car power grid (the connection is carried out either through a special socket or through the cigarette lighter socket). Various adapters are used for this purpose - from the simplest voltage divisors to pulsed power supplies with a double current conversion. But the nest of the cigarette lighter was not initially designed to connect other consumers, except for the heating element of the "electric chamber", so frequent fuses are frequent and thermal damage to the socket (it is necessary to calculate the allowable current consumed for the cigarette lighter protection).

Electrical equipment of cars and tractors is a complex complex of interrelated electrical and electronic devices. The autotractor electrical equipment includes the following systems and devices: power supply,

· Electrical engine starting engine, ignition lighting, light and sound alarm

· Information and control of the technical condition of the car, tractor and their aggregates

· Electronic drive suppression, electronic control of systems and car units and tractor

The power supply system includes a generator set and battery.

The engine electrostar starting system includes a battery, an electric starter, control relay (optional relays and lock relay) and electrical engineering devices of engine start-up.

The ignition system ensures the ignition of the working mixture in the cylinders of gasoline engines by the spark of high voltage arising between the spark plug electrodes. In addition to the spark plugs, ignition coils, distributors, transistor switches, electronic control units (controllers), additional resistors, high-voltage wires, candle tips, etc.

The lighting and light signaling system combines the lighting devices (headlights of the head and working light), light-signal lights (overall lights, rotation indicators, braking signals, reverse lights, etc.) and various control relays them.

The electric motor (electric motors, motor deuction, motor pumps, electromagnets) is increasingly used in glass cleaning systems, heating, ventilation, engine preheating, in windows, in the lifting and lowering systems of the antenna, in door lock devices, in the executive mechanisms of electronic systems.

Switches, Switches, Relays for various purposes, contactors, fuses and fuse blocks, connecting panels and detachable connections

The use of electronic fuel injection systems, anti-lock, anti-pass and navigation systems, collision prevention systems is expanding.

The number and power of electricity consumers on vehicles and tractors are constantly increasing, respectively increases the power of electrical energy sources. A new, more complex electrical and electronic products and systems come to replace outdated electrical equipment and circuit solutions.

From perfection of the design and technical condition of electrical equipment, the operational reliability and productivity of the car and the tractor depend on.

To current sources

The sources of electricity for the vehicle are battery (full name - battery) and generator. The battery is a source of current for consumers with an inappropriate car engine or in the case when the machine works on small circulation. The rechargeable battery has two poles: plus - to connect electrocups with consumers and minus - to connect to the car body. A normal charged, the working battery has a 12 volt voltage on its terminals (under load), without load, the voltage reaches 14 volts. But the generator provides electricity all the electrical equipment of the car, plus - draws up the battery. If the battery is charged, it serves as a source of content.

Automobile generator - a device that transforms the mechanical energy of the rotation of the crankshaft of the car engine into electrical engine.

The automotive generator is used to power the electromotors, such as the ignition system, car lighting, on-board computer, diagnostic system and others, as well as for the charge of a car battery. The automotive generators are presented with high reliability requirements, as the generator ensures the smooth operation of most components of the modern car. Typical power of a modern generator in a passenger car is about 1kW.

Headlamp (from the Greek "Faros") is a source of directional light, mounted in front of a vehicle designed to illuminate the surrounding area, roads.

The number of headlights may vary from one (motorcycle, moped, bike), to several. Dozens (major airliner). Her power can range from Watt units (headlight bike)

In order to strengthen the legal mode of operation of certain types of transport and the establishment of additional state control in the field of transportation in the Russian Federation, licensing of transport activities is applied. The essence of this licensing mechanism is the issuance of a document on the basis of which permission is provided to use the vehicle to implement a certain type of transportation.

This question affects the scope of activity and regulating the market. transport services, has the distinctive features of the legal regime and the established procedure for obtaining such a license. Let us examine in detail the key issues of licensing and individual types of transportation (primarily passengers and goods), as well as consider the regulation regulation of transport issues in the Russian Federation.

We understand the Federal Law "On the licensing of certain types of activities" from 04.05.2011 No. 99-FZ

The key regulator of licensing transport activities in the Russian Federation is the federal law "On licensing certain types of activities" from 04.05.2011 No. 99-FZ ( further - Law No. 99-FZ). As part of the Law No. 99-FZ, the following key questions are allowed:

• regulated implementation of the activities of state licensing bodies (Article 7);
• the types of transport services are determined, which require a license (Article 12);
• the procedure for acquiring a license (Article 13-14) is established;
• regulated the procedure for organizing control over transportation licensing control (Article 19);
• the foundations of the functioning of a single information resource - the registry for issuing a license are determined.

In general, the licensing question concerns the following types of transportation of passengers and goods:

• on inland water transport;
• by air transport;
• road transport;
• railway transport;
• on sea transport.

It should be noted that at the moment it is licensed on the territory of the Russian Federation only the established list of services related to transport. The disposal of passengers and goods includes a license only if the activity is carried out by rail, air, water (including marine ships) Type of transport.

Transportation of passengers

The issue of transporting passengers by road is carried out on the basis of a license. only in case of more than 8 places in the car, Moreover, the exception is to perform such work on orders or to ensure our own needs (both firms and an individual entrepreneur).

Obtaining a license for the right to engage in transport activities is applicable. The application on behalf of a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur is submitted to the licensing authority. A package of documents with a description must be applied to the application, the list of which depends on the type of licensed activity.

The issue of certification of transport activities within the framework of the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" dated December 27, 2002 No. 184-ФЗ concerns the norms of confirmation that a specific object relating to transport activities, complies with the official standards adopted in the Russian Federation. For example, it is necessary to confirm the compliance of the quality of the wagons of urban and suburban transport and electric transport before direct operation.

Cargo transportation or freight forwarding activities

Transport and expedition activities is the provision of services in the field of transportation of goods. A feature of this type of activity is the obligation of the freight forwarder to take goods, transport, deliver and perform a number of additional duties associated with transportation. Additional duties established within the framework of the contract of transportation expedition are made to fulfill the needs of the Customer, for example, on the storage of cargo, the passage of customs procedures, etc.

In accordance with acting Editor Art. 12 of Law No. 99-FZ The list of activities requiring license does not contain references to freight forwarding activities, and is due to a change in the provisions of the Federal Law "On Security road"From 10.12.1995 No. 196-FZ. The fact is that in the editorial office of the draft law before January 12, 2003 there was an article 7, according to which the transportation expedition services treated one of several activities related to road safety. In accordance with this provision, the obligation to licensing this type of activity was envisaged. Currently, this article 7 of the Law under consideration has lost its strength. Thus, in accordance with the current legislation, transport and expedition activities in the Russian Federation does not provide licensing.

How is the license of transport in the Russian Federation

Summarizing the above, we will highlight the key points, which criteria and how the transportation is licensed in the Russian Federation.

The license is issued by an authorized territorial licensing body and is carried out according to an interested party, if this kind of service is subject to licensing.

Note!

Cargo transportation by road on the territory of the Russian Federation do not participate in licensing, as well as the transportation of passengers to 8 people, or to ensure their own needs.

It should be responsible for the implementation of the activities of the activities defined by law No. 99-ФЗ, to obtain licenses in a timely manner, information on which should be mandatory in the state information registry. The importance of this procedure is to increase the degree of danger associated with the involvement of the object increased danger - vehicle.

In the absence of experience in implementing the licensing procedure, we strongly recommend using the services of specialized specialists who will help you to assemble the required package of documents, draw up an application and send it to the Territorial Licensing Body.

Appeal to legal services is accompanied by the payment of remuneration established by the bilateral contract. The cost of services will depend on the amount of alleged work, spent the working time of the lawyer, its experience and reputation, as well as the region of providing services. Obviously, in Moscow, the amount of remuneration will be significantly higher than on the periphery, which is caused by a higher standard of living of the working population.

Note that there is no need to contact the lawyer for advice on licensing transport activities - such assistance can be provided remotely. Our legal resource has the possibilities for providing consultations online in a short time, and our qualified lawyers will help to conduct a licensing procedure under current legislation.

In the market economy, enterprises and entrepreneurs independently determine their profile. The objective of the state is to provide a safe, qualified and reliable (in terms of protecting the interests of consumers) activities of transport operators in the selected segment.

The solution to this task begins with the admission of organizations and entrepreneurs to carry out motor transport activities, the basis of which worldwide is the licensing system.

The license is called the permission issued by an authorized state body to implement a certain type of activity.

Licensing is inextricably linked to the system of structuring activities described in paragraph 6.1 and is directed primarily to clear identification of the position of the transport operator in the market.

The type of license issued depends on the economic and technological features of the segment in which the operator intends to carry out its activities. The set of requirements for a license applicant may vary from the simplest applied registration to the need to prove their professional suitability, financial consistency, good reputation, the availability of the necessary personnel, vehicles and equipment, etc. It depends on the nature of the activity in the relevant segment, on the level of potential risks with which it is associated, as well as from the tasks that the state has regarding this or that market segment. So, to stimulate the inflow of operators into a certain segment of the plank of licensing requirements may be reduced; To improve the level of transportation of traffic, relevant requirements for vehicles and personnel training may be tightened, etc.

Depending on the listed factors, licensing may be:

• - permissive. In this case, it is necessary to provide certain documents to obtain a license, sometimes passing exams. In the issuance of a license may be denied due to the inconsistency of the applicant licensed requirements;
• - Applicational (notification). In this case, to obtain a license, it is enough to send certain information about the relevant business to the authorized body. The operator, notified the state on the start of its activities, is submitted to the appropriate registry and from this point on its activities are considered legitimate, which, however, does not exempt it from verifying compliance with the established license requirements.

Some types of transportation can be carried out without a license. Usually these services, the provision of which is accompanied by minimal commercial or physical risks, and (or) services that are inextricably conjugate with other licensed activities. So, in some countries, freight forwarders should not receive a license and can freely fulfill a number of services for paperwork, transportation planning, temporary storage of goods, etc. (See insert 7.1). However, if transportation is included in the set of services of the freight forwarder, then it is obliged to either have an appropriate license (if performing transportation itself), or to attract only the licensed operator to carry out transportation.

The presence of license operators allows:

• - the state is to ensure safe and high-quality transport services, evaluate and regulate the ratio of supply and demand at various segments, to manage intraspecific and interspecific competition;
• - licensed operators - expect to protect the state from unscrupulous competition from organizations that do not have the relevant license;
• - customers - count on receiving services from reliable skilled operators, as well as navigate the market, receiving clear information on the number of operators operating in various segments of the market, about the services they, in accordance with their licenses, may or are obliged to provide, about their responsibility, etc.

Box 7..1. Do you need to license freight transportation?

At the initial stage of market transformation in the Russian Federation on transport, a licensing system was created, which covered almost all types of transportation activities and was built on the basis of the world's generally accepted approaches. However, at a certain stage of reforms in the context of the need to liberalize market activities and eliminate administrative barriers, dismantling of this system began in the economy.

Currently1 in accordance with Federal law On 04.05.2011 No. 9E-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities"\u003e Only the carriage of goods by air is subject to licensing of goods by air transportation (except for the case when transportation is carried out to ensure their own needs), as well as transportation and loading and unloading activities in relation to Dangerous goods on railway, sea and inland water transport.

Obviously, this list does not cover all types of freight traffic. In particular, there is a completely lack of licensing on cargo road transport - the most massive form of transport, where ensuring the safety and protection of the market from unfair entrepreneurs seems to be particularly important. Not subject to licensing even road transportation of dangerous goods.

Decisions on the liquidation of the licensing system are often substantiated by references to the experience of developed countries, where the liberalization of the economy is allegedly accompanied by the abolition of licensing and state system Admission to business at all. It is believed that state licensing of operators can be replaced by insurance, voluntary certification or certification conducted by self-regulatory organizations. However, the subject analysis of the experience of developed countries denies this point of view.

In international practice, the tolerance procedure is not always literally referred to as "licensing", but in any case, it is based on a rigid system of requirements that the applicant must be responsible for work in the OLI in the other segment of the transport services market.

Below are described in the EU and in the USA requirements for the access of operators to the truck transport market.

In the European Union, in accordance with the Directive of the EU Council, 96/26 / EU, enterprises intend to carry out road transport should have a good reputation, have a reliable financial situation and meet the requirements of professional competence.

To confirm a good reputation, the verification establishes that the person or company was not prosecuted, in particular, the commercial property, and also were not recognized in the prescribed manner incapable of business implementation in the freight transport sector.

When checking the reliability of the financial situation, the competent authority should analyze the annual report of the company (if any), as well as financial support, including bank assets, credit condition and history, material assets that can be considered as financial support for business, costs (including the cost of purchasing transport Tools) and your own working capital. Business should have capital and reserves in the amount of at least 9 thousand euros in the presence of one cargo car and 5 thousand euros per extra car.

Professional competence is confirmed by the presence of special knowledge of the special knowledge, the composition of which is defined by the directive. The level of competence is checked on the basis of a mandatory written exam, which can be supplemented with an interview. The carriers of dangerous goods are presented additional requirementsestablished by the Special Directive of the EU Council 94/55 / \u200b\u200bEC.

In the US, companies performing intersectable freight transportation should receive registration in the Federal Motor Corner Safety Administration - FMCSA and, and, in addition, to receive a registration number that is unique in the US Department of Transportation (DEPARTMER O / TRANSPORTATION) The identifier of this operator for statistical observation, auditing, consideration of claims and claims, analysis. All the companies, for the first time the floor) of the PHIP, must undergo a special security audit and to work without incident for 18 months to get permanent registration.

In addition, companies operating on hiring and subject to the jurisdiction of the Bureau of the United States (Surfasse Transportation Board) of the US Department of Transport, should receive a special permission to work in a context. The resolution determines the type of transportation, allowed routes and the type of cargo being transported, as well as the conditions for carrying out transportation (in particular, the level of responsibility and the size of the insurance coverage). Therefore, companies working in various routes may need several similar permissions.

Finally, companies intend to carry dangerous goods should receive a special permission of the Ministry of Transport (Hazardous Materials Safety Permit).

Thus, in developed countries, a developed licensing system of freight car carriers is applied not only to ensure that it is necessary to ensure the level of safety of transport activities, but also to protect all market entities from the activities of unreliable and unskilled operators.

The consequence of the elimination of the licensed system on a cargo vehicle in Russia has become a significant decrease in the qualifications of many transport operators, unfair competition, dumping, drop in the level of quality of service. It should be expected that with the development of market relations in Russia, all the most generally accepted principles of admission to transport activities will be implemented.

Licensing of traffic is made according to the rules established by the Law "On Licensing ..." of 04.05.2011 No. 99-FZ (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 99-FZ) and other regulatory acts. This article describes how to obtain a license for transportation by all types of transport.

Licensing of passenger automotive transport

Licensing of road transport of passengers is carried out by virtue of paragraph 24 h. 1 tbsp. 12 of Law No. 99-FZ in the manner set out in the Regulation on the licensing of transportation by road, approved. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation from T 27.02.2019 N 195 (hereinafter referred to as the position).

Note! The situation is valid from 01.03.2019 to 01.01.2021.

The provision has been established that:

1. Licensing is subject to any activity on the transport of passengers and other people by buses, even if the carriage is carried out for their own needs or by orders.
2. The license is not needed if the transport of people is carried out by buses of special services (police, ambulance, rescuers, etc.).
3. Permission for regular transportation of passengers between cities or within the city with a suburb is issued territorial bodies Rostransnadzor - the departments of the State Authority of the Russian Federation or interregional departments.

Section II provisions lists the requirements for a license applicant:

• appointment of a responsible person for ensuring the safety of the road traffic;
• the presence of a license for organizing and conducting their pre-trace / postresting medical examination or a contract made with a specialized organization;
• ownership of buses.

How to get a license for transportation by road

To get a license to transport passengers, you need to send an application to the Automotive Transport Licensing Agency.

Copies of the following documents are applied to the application:

• the order for the appointment of the responsible for ensuring the safety of the road;
• contracts with a hybridization for pre-trial / post-track inspection;
• certificates of registration of vehicles for all buses;
• documents confirming the right of ownership by buses, if they are not the property of the applicant.

And also inventory of the attached documents.

Important! Buses information is included in the license register. Use for transportation of people buses not included in the registry is prohibited.

Rules for transportation of passengers by automotive and urban electric transport

To obtain a license and conducting activities on the transport of passengers and goods by auto and electric transport, the carrier must take into account the requirements:

• charter, approved. law of 08.11.2007 No. 259-FZ;
• specifying its provisions (see above the compliance requirement of another regulatory act contained in paragraph 4 of licensing regulations).

In case of non-compliance with these requirements, the licensing authority may refuse to issue a license or suspend the action already issued (part 1 of article 20 of Law No. 99-FZ).

The procedure for the transportation of passengers, including with luggage, buses and passenger taxis, including on request, as well as trams and trolleybuses, is regulated in detail by the rules, approved. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 14, 2009 No. 112 (hereinafter referred to as Regulation No. 112).

The rules also approved forms and details of tickets, receipts on hand-made and baggage receipts.

So, when transporting passengers, the carrier must:

• follow travel schedule;
• plant and disembark passengers at stopping points;
• equip the TC pointers and route schemes;
• regarding travel sheets, etc.

Transportation of goods by buses and urban electric transport

Detailed regulations for the implementation of cargo transportation PBX is set forth in the Rules. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04/15/2011 No. 272 \u200b\u200b(hereinafter referred to as Regulation No. 272).

1. The conclusion of the contract for the transportation of cargo is confirmed by the transport invoice, handed over the shipper.
2. The form of the transport invoice is approved in Appendix 4 to Regulation No. 272.
3. For consideration of the customer's application, the carrier is given 3 days.
4. In the agreed period, the carrier transmits the TS shipper for loading.
5. If the submitted TC will be faulty, it is considered to be omnipotent (paragraph 24 of Rules No. 272).
6. The cargo must have basic, additional, informational inscriptions, manipulation signs. By default, the cargo label is engaged in the shipper, but the parties may agree that all these inscriptions make the charter.
7. If the load is loaded / unloaded by removing the container with a vehicle, then the accompanying statement is drawn up, etc.

Licensing of air passenger and freight traffic

The procedure for licensing air transportation of passengers is set by the provision. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.05.2012 № 457:

1. Rosaviatsiya is engaged in licensing transportation transport.
2. Licensing of transportation is subject to both charter and regular.
3. To submit an application for permission to have an aircraft, a certificate of the operator and comply with the rules of air transport.

Licensing of cargo transportation by air is engaged in the same Rosaviation.

Licensing requirements for shipping are similar to the requirements for licensing passenger transportation:

• the applicant must have its own or rented aircraft with a flight shelf life certificate and a operator certificate;
• the applicant must comply with air traffic rules.

Licensing of rail transportation

Roshrannadzor's structural division of Roshrannadzor is engaged in licensing rail transportation.

It gives permission:

• on the transport of passengers in the suburban and long-term report;
• transportation of dangerous goods.

At the same time, passenger transportation is licensed by train: passenger, high-speed and fast.

Licensing requirements are listed in paragraph 4 of the provisions, approved. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 21.03.2012 No. 221. This is:

1. Compliance with the rules for the transport of passengers established by a number of regulatory acts.
2. The presence of own or rented railway rolling stock and equipment.
3. Creation in the structure of the organization-applicant to eliminate emergencies or the conclusion of an appropriate agreement with a third-party organization.
4. Mandatory presence in the state of the organizer of passengers, which complies with the qualification requirements responsible for the safety of motion and exploitation of the train, machines.

For permission, a statement is sent with documents confirming compliance with licensing requirements.

Note! The procedure for licensing the transport of dangerous goods railway transportation is similar to the procedure for issuing permits for the transportation of passengers.

Licensing of water / maritime transport

Regulations on the licensing of passenger and cargo transportation, including dangerous, inland water and maritime transport approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.03.2012 No. 193:

1. The license is issued by Rostransnadzor on documents obtained from the statemorrchnadzor.
2. Licensed requirements for obtaining permission to any type of activity are the same, presented documents too.
3. As in all other cases, information on the start and termination of the carrying out activities of the carrier is published in the media (Art. 21 of Law No. 99-FZ).

Note! The procedure for licensing international transport by the sea is no different from the procedure for obtaining permission to conduct a carrier in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Licensed requirements and list of documents are the same.

General rules for issuing and obtaining a license for transportation, including international

In this section, summing up the foregoing, we will talk about the procedure for issuing and obtaining a license for transportation:

1. General rules for execution of permission are established by Art. 13, 14 of Law No. 99-FZ.
2. The applicant sends a statement to the licensing authority with documents confirming compliance with licensing requirements. They can be decorated on paper or electronically.
3. List necessary documents listed in the Regulations on the licensing of road transport and similar to it regulatory acts For each type of transport.
4. The licensing authority is not entitled to require documents outside the approved list.
5. Documents are surreated by inventory, a copy of which is returned to the applicant with a preliminary mark on the date of receipt of the application.
6. Within 3 days, the licensing authority decides, to consider the received statement or not.
7. The decision to issue or refuse to issue a license is made within 45 days from the date of receipt of the application (paragraph 1 of Art. 14 of Law No. 99-FZ).
8. If the licensing authority decided to give a license, then an order is immediately published on his extradition, which, together with the license, is registered in the registry.
9. The license is sent to the applicant within 3 business days after registration.
10. The license issued is indefinitely.
11. During the license period, the licensing authority conducts documentary, planned and unscheduled inspections.
12. If the inspection is detected by violations, the carrier is attracted to administrative responsibilityAnd the license is suspended.
13. The license may be canceled due to the termination of the licensee or the court.

Responsibility for transportation without a license or with violation of its requirements

Licensing legislation actually does not contain liability measures, but only indicates such unpleasant consequences of violation of licensing requirements, as:

• suspension of the license (a licensing authority is performed in relation to the subject that has entered into legitimate strength of the decision on the violation of license requirements);
• cancellation (performed by the court at the request of the licensing body, if the licensee re-robbed the license requirements) and the subsequent termination (by decision of the Court of Cancellation is made by the licensing authority).

As indicated, suspension occurs only if the licensee is attracted to administrative responsibility. The latter is provided by PP. 2, 3.4 tbsp. 14.1 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

Important! The measure of responsibility for non-compliance with the rules of passenger traffic is established by the federal authority, the subject of the Russian Federation has no such right (the definition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of July 15, 2015 No. 33-UPG15-13).

In this way, general order Licensing of passenger transportation and transportation of dangerous goods by car, air, railway and water / sea transport is established by law No. 99-FZ and is regulated in detail by the provisions approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, departmental acts.